Introduction
Cancer precision medicine as part of standard of care (SOC) or clinical trials (CT) requires access to high-cost advanced diagnostics and therapeutics.1 The difference in out-of-pocket (OOP) costs associated with cancer treatment as part of SOC versus CTs remains limited. This study sought to evaluate the varying financial burden and toxicity among cancer patients receiving treatment at an academic medical center as part of a CT versus SOC.
Methods
Patients presenting to medical oncology clinic at an academic medical center for a new or follow-up visit, who were English-speaking and able to provide informed consent, were approached for a one-time survey from July 2018 to August 2020. Study participants provided demographic, clinical, financial, and patient reported outcomes data.2 Financial toxicity was measured using the Comprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) patient reported outcome measure (supplement Table 1).3 The data was summarized using descriptive statistics, with t-tests and Chi-squared tests were performed to identify differences between SOC versus CT participants for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
Results
As shown in Table 1, a total of 67 participants completed the survey. In the study, CT participants were significantly younger than SOC participants (CT, mean 57 years, SD=13.5; SOC, mean 67, SD=10.7; p=0.002). The mean time since diagnosis was significantly longer among SOC participants at 7.9 years (SD=7.3) compared to CT participants at 2.7 years (SD=3.9) (p=0.001). All study participants had solid tumors, except for 4 CT participants with hematologic malignancies. The majority of participants had metastatic disease (SOC, 78%; CT, 74%). Most participants were non-Hispanic white (SOC, 78%; CT 71%). The household income was significantly higher among SOC participants compared to CT participants, with a larger proportion reporting an income of $100,000 or more (SOC, 52%; CT, 19%; p<0.001). A larger proportion of SOC participants were retired (56%) compared to CT (26%) participants (p=0.01). A significantly higher proportion of CT participants reported OOP cost exceeding $1,000 in the prior 30 days compared to SOC participants (SOC, 8.3%; CT, 16.1%, p<0.001). The estimated monthly OOP cost was $742 (SD=$1214) among CT participants compared to $278 (SD=$370) among SOC participants (p=0.05). Significantly more SOC participants felt very comfortable discussing cost with their cancer doctor compared to CT participants (SOC, 69%; CT, 35%; p=0.02). As shown in Supplement Table 1, a higher level of financial toxicity was observed among CT participants (COST PROM score = 16.86, SD=10.31) compared to SOC participants (COST PROM score = 19.77, SD=4.91) (p=0.03). As shown in Figure 1, the participants insured with Medicare/Medicaid reported similar level of financial toxicity whether they were offered SOC versus enrolled in a CT. However, participants with private insurance enrolled in CTs reported a lower COST score, as compared to SOC participants, indicating higher financial toxicity; due to the small sample, this pattern is purely descriptive.
Table 1.Participant Characteristics
|
Standard of Care (N=36) |
Clinical Trial (N=31) |
|
Characteristic
|
n
|
% |
n
|
% |
p-value
|
Age, mean (SD), years |
67 (10.7) |
|
57 (13.5) |
|
0.002** |
Race/Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
0.34 |
White |
28 |
77.8 |
22 |
71.0 |
|
Black/African American |
1 |
2.8 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Asian |
2 |
5.6 |
2 |
6.5 |
|
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander |
1 |
2.8 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
Hispanic or Latino |
3 |
8.3 |
5 |
16.1 |
|
American Indian or Alaska Native |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
Unknown |
1 |
2.8 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Household Income |
|
|
|
|
0.01** |
$24,999 or less |
2 |
5.6 |
3 |
9.7 |
|
$25,000 to $55,999 |
8 |
22.2 |
10 |
32.3 |
|
$56,000 to $99,999 |
6 |
16.7 |
12 |
38.7 |
|
$100,000 or more |
19 |
52.8 |
6 |
19.4 |
|
Unknown |
1 |
2.8 |
0 |
0.0 |
|
Highest Education Attained |
|
|
|
|
0.40 |
High school degree or less |
7 |
19.5 |
10 |
32.3 |
|
College degree or equivalent |
15 |
41.7 |
14 |
45.2 |
|
Graduate degree or equivalent |
14 |
38.9 |
7 |
22.6 |
|
Marital Status |
|
|
|
|
0.63 |
Never married |
2 |
5.6 |
2 |
5.6 |
|
Married or civil partnership |
29 |
80.6 |
20 |
64.5 |
|
Divorced, separated, or widowed |
4 |
11.1 |
6 |
19.4 |
|
Living with partner |
1 |
2.8 |
2 |
6.5 |
|
Unknown |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
Employment Status |
|
|
|
|
0.02* |
Full-time |
10 |
27.8 |
6 |
19.4 |
|
On disability |
1 |
2.8 |
9 |
29.0 |
|
Unemployed |
5 |
13.9 |
4 |
12.9 |
|
Retired |
20 |
55.6 |
8 |
25.8 |
|
Other/Unknown |
0 |
0.0 |
4 |
12.9 |
|
Insurance Type |
|
|
|
|
0.01** |
Private |
13 |
36.1 |
16 |
41.9 |
|
Medicaid/Medicare |
21 |
58.3 |
9 |
29.0 |
|
Veterans Affairs/Military |
1 |
2.8 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
Other |
1 |
2.8 |
5 |
16.1 |
|
Cancer Type |
|
|
|
|
|
Hematologic Malignancy |
0 |
0 |
4 |
12.9 |
0.03* |
Solid Tumor |
36 |
100.0 |
27 |
87.1 |
|
Years Since Diagnosis (Mean, SD) |
7.97 (7.3) |
|
2.68 (3.9) |
|
0.001** |
Mode(s) of travel to last appointment |
|
|
|
|
0.22 |
Private Vehicle |
29 |
82.9 |
24 |
77.4 |
|
Public Transportation (ex. bus, train, shuttle) |
3 |
8.6 |
7 |
22.6 |
|
Taxi |
4 |
11.4 |
2 |
6.5 |
|
Walk |
1 |
2.9 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
Airplane |
3 |
8.6 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
Other (Uber, Lyft, etc.) |
0 |
0.0 |
3 |
9.7 |
|
How many hours out of your day did your last appointment for cancer care/treatment take (including travel time)? |
|
|
|
|
0.06 |
Less than 1 hour |
1 |
2.8 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
1 to 3 hours |
11 |
30.6 |
2 |
6.5 |
|
3 to 5 hours |
10 |
2.8 |
6 |
19.4 |
|
5 to 8 hours |
9 |
25.0 |
12 |
38.7 |
|
More than 8 hours |
5 |
13.9 |
10 |
32.3 |
|
About how much out of pocket costs did you have related to cancer care/treatment in the last month? This includes hotel/lodging costs, tests, medications, copays, etc. |
|
|
|
|
<0.001*** |
Less than $50 |
10 |
27.8 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
$50 to $100 |
11 |
30.6 |
2 |
6.5 |
|
$100 to $300 |
3 |
8.3 |
9 |
29.0 |
|
$300 to $500 |
0 |
0.0 |
7 |
22.6 |
|
$500 to $700 |
8 |
22.2 |
5 |
16.1 |
|
$700 to $1000 |
1 |
2.8 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
More than $1000 |
3 |
8.3 |
5 |
16.1 |
|
Unknown |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
Estimated monthly out of pocket costs, mean (SD), dollars |
$278 ($370) |
|
$742 ($1214) |
|
0.05* |
Do you usually need to arrange overnight lodging? |
|
|
|
|
0.08 |
Yes |
9 |
25.0 |
14 |
45.2 |
|
No |
27 |
75.0 |
17 |
54.8 |
|
How comfortable do you feel bringing up healthcare cost related issues with your cancer doctor? |
|
|
|
|
0.02* |
Uncomfortable |
4 |
11.1 |
11 |
35.5 |
|
Somewhat comfortable |
7 |
19.4 |
8 |
25.8 |
|
Very comfortable |
25 |
69.4 |
11 |
35.5 |
|
Unknown |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
3.2 |
|
*p<0.05
** p<0.01
***<0.001

Figure 1.Boxplots of Financial Toxicity (COST PROM) for Standard of Care versus Clinical Trial participants stratified by insurance type
Discussion
This study observed significantly higher OOP cost and financial toxicity among participants receiving treatment within a CT compared to SOC. These differences in self-reported OOP cost and financial toxicity may be attributed to increased frequency of CT appointments, longer duration of clinic visits, additional CT required labs and scans, or greater distances traveled to CT site.4–7 Coupled with variable increases in cost-sharing by insurance type, these may contribute to the growing financial burden on patients enrolled in CTs. Despite this observation, CT participants in this study were less likely to feel comfortable bringing up healthcare cost related issues with their cancer doctor. While this study is limited by a small sample size, large and meaningful differences were identified between the two groups, suggesting that there is a critical need to further examine the added financial toxicity placed on patients receiving cancer treatment in the context of a CT. Given the racial/ethnic disparities observed in oncology CTs,8 the financial burden associated with participation must be closely examined and addressed to promote equity in access to CTs.
Submitted: November 09, 2021 PDT
Accepted: December 13, 2021 PDT
Supplement Table 1.COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) Patient-Reported Outcome Measures
|
|
Standard of Care (N=36) |
Clinical Trial (N=31) |
|
|
Survey Question, Range 0-4a, Mean (SD)
|
|
|
p-value
|
1 |
I know that I have enough money in savings, retirement, or assets to cover the costs of my treatment. |
2.20 (1.51) |
0.94 (1.18) |
0.01** |
2 |
My out-of-pocket medical expenses are more than I thought they would be. |
1.19 (1.17) |
1.83 (1.37) |
0.31 |
3 |
I worry about the financial problems I will have in the future as a result of my illness or treatment |
1.56 (1.34) |
1.35 (1.31) |
0.37 |
4 |
I feel I have no choice about the amount of money I spend on care. |
2.17 (1.54) |
1.06 (1.31) |
0.04* |
5 |
I am frustrated that I cannot work or contribute as much as I usually do. |
1.14 (1.38) |
1.45 (1.52) |
0.61 |
6 |
I am satisfied with my current financial situation. |
2.47 (1.44) |
1.32 (1.30) |
0.03* |
7 |
I am able to meet my monthly expenses. |
3.25 (1.08) |
2.03 (1.30) |
0.003** |
8 |
I feel financially stressed. |
1.17 (1.13) |
1.87 (1.23) |
0.02* |
9 |
I am concerned about keeping my job and income, including work at home. |
0.81 (1.28) |
2.26 (1.59) |
0.002** |
10 |
My cancer or treatment has reduced my satisfaction with my present financial situation. |
1.19 (1.28) |
1.30 (1.48) |
0.65 |
11 |
I feel in control of my financial situation. |
2.58 (1.13) |
1.42 (1.23) |
0.007** |
|
Overall COST Score, mean (SD)b
|
19.77 (4.91) |
16.86 (10.31) |
0.03* |
aItems 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10 were reverse coded
bLower COST scores indicate higher toxicity (0-44)
*p<0.05
** p<0.01
***<0.001